{"id":87,"date":"2020-04-16T12:26:19","date_gmt":"2020-04-16T14:26:19","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/yalingunduz.com\/?page_id=87"},"modified":"2022-01-05T08:10:11","modified_gmt":"2022-01-05T08:10:11","slug":"yazilarim-libido","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/yalingunduz.com\/index.php\/home\/yazilarim-libido\/","title":{"rendered":"1968’den 2018’e Eros ve Uygarl\u0131k"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Evimdeki tozlu raflardan se\u00e7ip ald\u0131\u011f\u0131m bu kitab\u0131n 68 ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131n\u0131n klasiklerinden biri oldu\u011funu bug\u00fcn ka\u00e7 ki\u015fi hat\u0131rl\u0131yor? \u0130kinci d\u00fcnya sava\u015f\u0131 sonras\u0131 ye\u015feren \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck d\u00f6neminde sol d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr Herbert Marcuse’\u00fc y\u00fccelten ne Sovyet soluydu, ne de tek ba\u015f\u0131na Amerika’n\u0131n kom\u00fcnal gruplar\u0131. Ge\u00e7 d\u00f6nem Frankfurt Okulu’nun Marcuse ve Reich gibi sosyalist d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceye Freud’un ortaya koydu\u011fu temellerle bak\u0131\u015f\u0131 esas alan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrleri, temel olarak Avrupa’n\u0131n 68 ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131 ile ses buldu. Tam yar\u0131m as\u0131r \u00f6nce, 1968’de, Avrupa’da yer yerinden oynarken, Marcuse’\u00fcn Tek Boyutlu \u0130nsan<\/em> ve Eros ve Uygarl\u0131k<\/em> adl\u0131 eserleri, Beatles’\u0131, Rolling Stones’u, Sartre, Camus ve Beauvoir’\u0131 sahiplenen ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131n felsefe tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n temel ba\u015fucu kitaplar\u0131 olmu\u015ftu. \u0130kinci d\u00fcnya sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fc topra\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00fczerinden atmak isteyen, \u00f6zellikle Fransa ve Almanya’daki devrimci hareketler, Marcuse’\u00fcn Freudyen a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 sahiplenerek sol d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceye yeni bir boyut katm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ne anlat\u0131yordu Eros ve Uygarl\u0131k<\/em>‘ta Marcuse? Freud’un cinsellik alan\u0131ndan \u00e7ok ya\u015famsal bir i\u00e7g\u00fcd\u00fcye kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 Eros, uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n gereksindirdi\u011fi normlara ayk\u0131r\u0131 bir yarad\u0131l\u0131\u015ftayd\u0131. “Uygarl\u0131k insan i\u00e7g\u00fcd\u00fclerinin s\u00fcrekli boyun e\u011fdirili\u015fi \u00fczerine kurulmu\u015ftur.” diyordu Freud, en \u00f6nemli eserlerinden biri olan Uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n Ho\u015fnutsuzlu\u011fu<\/em>‘nda (“Civilization and its Discontents”). \u0130nsanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n mutlulu\u011fu tam g\u00fcn u\u011fra\u015f\u0131 olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n ve tek e\u015fli \u00fcremenin s\u0131k\u0131d\u00fczenine, yasalara ve d\u00fczenin kurallar\u0131na g\u00fcd\u00fcml\u00fc k\u0131l\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n tarih boyunca olu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131ndaki psikolojik s\u00fcre\u00e7, Freud’un tan\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 en i\u00e7g\u00fcd\u00fcsel kimlik merkezimiz olan “id”in dize getirilmesiyle m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fc. Sosyal kimlik katman\u0131 olan ve sosyal normlar\u0131n kimli\u011fe yerle\u015fmesini sa\u011flayan \u00fcstbenin (s\u00fcperego) bask\u0131s\u0131yla, ana kimlik katman\u0131 olan “ego”, i\u00e7g\u00fcd\u00fcsel merkez olan “id” \u00fczerinde egemenlik kuruyor, ona boyun e\u011fdiriyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ve toplumsal ya\u015fam\u0131n olu\u015fmas\u0131 s\u00fcrecinde insan, ertelenmi\u015f, k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131 ama g\u00fcvenceli haz i\u00e7in, i\u00e7g\u00fcd\u00fcsel id merkezinin talep etti\u011fi anl\u0131k, belirsiz ve yokedici hazdan vazge\u00e7meyi \u00f6\u011frenmi\u015f; alan darl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve hammadde k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 insanlara i\u00e7g\u00fcd\u00fcsel d\u00fcrt\u00fclerini \u00f6zg\u00fcrce doyuramayacaklar\u0131n\u0131, s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z haz ilkesi hedefiyle ya\u015fayamayacaklar\u0131n\u0131 kabul ettirmi\u015fti. Toplum \u00fcyeleri, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma olmaks\u0131z\u0131n ya\u015fam\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmeye yeterli \u00fcr\u00fcnleri olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, toplum onlar\u0131n cinsel etkinliklerden \u00e7ekilerek \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya y\u00f6neltilmesini sa\u011flam\u0131\u015f, libidonun bast\u0131r\u0131larak yararl\u0131 toplumsal etkinliklere  bir t\u00fcr dayatma ile sapt\u0131r\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131, uygarl\u0131k ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel d\u00fczeni olu\u015fturmu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu noktada, Frankfurt Okulu’nun Herbert Marcuse ve Wilhelm Reich gibi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrleri, Freud’un uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n bireyler \u00fczerinde kurdu\u011fu hegemonyay\u0131 Marksist fikirlerle \u00f6rt\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrerek bir sentez \u00f6nerdiler. Kapitalist d\u00fczenin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar \u00fczerindeki denetimi tam da Freud’un bahsetti\u011fi bir t\u00fcr libidinal bask\u0131lama mekanizmas\u0131n\u0131 kullan\u0131yordu. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma hayat\u0131 sald\u0131rgan bir libidinal enerjinin bo\u015fal\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7in olanak sa\u011flamakta, ve bu enerjiyi sat\u0131labilir bir \u00fcr\u00fcne d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmekteydi. \u0130nsan kendi eme\u011fine ve de i\u00e7 ya\u015famsal enerjisi Eros\u2019una yabanc\u0131la\u015fm\u0131\u015f, uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00e7arklar\u0131 aras\u0131na s\u0131k\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130zini kaybetti\u011fimiz, bask\u0131lad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z i\u00e7 \u00e7ocu\u011fu kurtarmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn m\u00fc, sorusuna yan\u0131t ar\u0131yor Eros ve Uygarl\u0131k\u2019<\/em>ta Herbert Marcuse. Bu k\u0131s\u0131r d\u00f6ng\u00fcden \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f yolunu \u015f\u00f6yle sunuyor: Yabanc\u0131la\u015fm\u0131\u015f emek, yabanc\u0131la\u015fmam\u0131\u015f libidinal \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmayla yer de\u011fi\u015ftirmeliydi. San\u0131lan\u0131n aksine, “cinselli\u011fin kendini y\u00fccelti\u015fi” kuram\u0131 ile libidonun sal\u0131verili\u015fi de\u011fil d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc \u00f6nerilmekteydi. Bu, libidonun toplumsal ili\u015fkiler \u00fczerine yay\u0131lmas\u0131yd\u0131. \u00d6rne\u011fin, “sanat bask\u0131lanm\u0131\u015f\u0131n en g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcd\u00fcr”, diyordu Marcuse. Kurumsalla\u015fm\u0131\u015f bask\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131na bir tek sanat insan\u0131 \u00f6zg\u00fcr bir \u00f6zne olarak \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131yordu. \u0130nsan eme\u011fi sanat ve benzeri yabanc\u0131la\u015fmam\u0131\u015f libidinal \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmayla kendine \u00f6zg\u00fcr bir d\u00fczen yaratmal\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Marcuse, \u00fcr\u00fcn hedefi olmadan topluma ayn\u0131 katk\u0131n\u0131n oyunsal deneyimlerle sa\u011flanmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6neriyordu. Sosyal yap\u0131 d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde toplumsal ko\u015fullar, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n oyuna d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesi i\u00e7in i\u00e7g\u00fcd\u00fcsel bir temel yaratacaklard\u0131. Bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncede do\u011fa bir egemenlik ve s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc nesnesi olarak de\u011fil, ama insanlar\u0131n “oyunlar\u0131yla” b\u00fcy\u00fck bir bah\u00e7e olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmeliydi. Y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 libidinal enerji kendine geni\u015f bir oyun alan\u0131 yarat\u0131yordu b\u00f6ylece. Kurulmas\u0131 \u00f6nerilen sosyalist yap\u0131 ile toplumsal \u00fcr\u00fcn gereksinime g\u00f6re da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lacak ve i\u015flevler bireysel yetilere ve e\u011filimlere g\u00f6re saptanacakt\u0131. Marcuse, bu t\u00fcr sosyalist bir d\u00fczenle bizi g\u00fcden g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir bask\u0131n\u0131n olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir toplum yarat\u0131labilece\u011fine inan\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

68 ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131 Marcuse\u2019\u00fcn mesaj\u0131n\u0131 ald\u0131, ve d\u00f6nemin Vietnam Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019na kar\u015f\u0131 \u00fcnl\u00fc slogan\u0131 yaratt\u0131; Make Love Not War!<\/em> (Sava\u015fma, sevi\u015f). \u00c7i\u00e7ek \u00c7ocuklar\u0131’na ba\u015fucu olmu\u015f \u00f6nerileri, bir d\u00f6nemin ruhunu belirledi, ve 20. Y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n en belirgin kitle hareketlerinden birine k\u0131lavuzluk etti. 2018’de Marcuse okumak bizi 68’e g\u00f6t\u00fcrm\u00fcyor belki ama, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n d\u00f6ng\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc psikanalitik anlamland\u0131rmak i\u00e7in harika bir f\u0131rsat sunuyor. 50 y\u0131lda nereden nereye geldik? O y\u0131llara g\u00f6re baz\u0131 y\u00f6nlerden daha \u00f6zg\u00fcr, baz\u0131 y\u00f6nlerden ise daha b\u00fcy\u00fck bir boyunduruk alt\u0131nday\u0131z. T\u00fcrkiye \u00f6zelinde, libidinal enerjiyi a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131karabilecek kanallar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 artm\u0131\u015f olsa da \u00fczerindeki bask\u0131n\u0131n da eskisinden daha fazla oldu\u011fu kan\u0131s\u0131nday\u0131m. Yak\u0131n zamandaki Gezi olaylar\u0131 \u00fczerine psikanalitik okumalarda 68 ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131 ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131 bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok ilgin\u00e7 olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorum.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Naif bir Freudyen olarak umudum, Freud’un kuramlar\u0131ndaki kavramlar\u0131n fizyolojik \u00f6zelliklerinin, beynimizin biyokimyasal merkezleriyle \u00f6rt\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclerek bu kuramlar\u0131n n\u00f6rolojide de kendine yer bulmas\u0131. Bu sayede Marcuse’\u00fcn sosyalist-Freudyen yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n da ne kadar olas\u0131 oldu\u011fu; hatta ve hatta, sosyalist idealin, ego temelli kapitalist d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceye g\u00f6re bir biyolojik dayana\u011f\u0131 olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa kavu\u015fturulmas\u0131 beni en heyecanland\u0131ran bilimsel ara\u015ft\u0131rma konusu. \u00d6te yandan, evrimsel s\u00fcre\u00e7te alturizm, s\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn gelece\u011fi i\u00e7in kendini tehlikeye att\u0131rabilen genlerle bir\u00e7ok canl\u0131 t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn kal\u0131t\u0131m\u0131nda g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar ula\u015fm\u0131\u015f durumda. \u015e\u00fcphesiz ki, ilerleyen bilimin beynin alturistik merkezlerini ke\u015ffetmesi, Marcuse\u2019\u00fcn hayallerine bir ad\u0131m daha yakla\u015fmam\u0131z\u0131 sa\u011flayacak.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Evimdeki tozlu raflardan se\u00e7ip ald\u0131\u011f\u0131m bu kitab\u0131n 68 ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131n\u0131n klasiklerinden biri oldu\u011funu bug\u00fcn ka\u00e7 ki\u015fi hat\u0131rl\u0131yor? \u0130kinci d\u00fcnya sava\u015f\u0131 sonras\u0131 ye\u015feren \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck d\u00f6neminde sol d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr Herbert Marcuse’\u00fc y\u00fccelten ne Sovyet soluydu, ne de tek ba\u015f\u0131na Amerika’n\u0131n kom\u00fcnal gruplar\u0131. Ge\u00e7 d\u00f6nem Frankfurt Okulu’nun Marcuse ve Reich gibi sosyalist d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceye Freud’un ortaya koydu\u011fu temellerle bak\u0131\u015f\u0131 esas alan […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":9,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"template-fullwidth.php","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-87","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","post-preview"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/yalingunduz.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/87","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/yalingunduz.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/yalingunduz.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/yalingunduz.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/yalingunduz.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=87"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/yalingunduz.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/87\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":492,"href":"https:\/\/yalingunduz.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/87\/revisions\/492"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/yalingunduz.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/9"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/yalingunduz.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=87"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}